Orthography is treated as central to both reading and natural language processing (NLP), with emphasis on diacritics and positional letter forms. Researchers documented how short vowels and diacritics shape reading accuracy and OCR outcomes, while pervasive orthographic variation was shown to disrupt automatic morphology analysis and tagging. Cross-script challenges, including transliteration norms, emerged as a focal area prompting early standardization efforts for NLP pipelines and data normalization.